Glossary

Music terms

audio recording: fixation of sounds (ISO 2019b)

music video recording: fixation of sounds synchronized with pictures or moving pictures where (a) the fixed sounds are wholly or substantially a musical performance or (b) the recording is intended for viewing in association with a recording of a musical performance. This definition includes music videos and concert recordings, together with music-related interviews and documentaries, but does not extend to genera! audiovisual material, even if it includes music.(ISO 2019b)

recording: result of a recording process independent of the type and number of audio or audiovisual carriers and technology used
Note 1 to entry: The term “recording” applies to each recorded item which may be used as a separate unit regardless of whether it is issued as part of a larger recorded work (e.g. each separate track on an album of audio recordings). [SOURCE:ISO 3901:2001, definition 3.3] (ISO 2017b)

work: distinct, abstract creation of the mind whose existence is revealed through one or more expressions (e.g. a performance) or manifestations (e.g. an object) (ISO 2022)

musical work: composed of a combination of sounds, with or without accompanying text (ISO 2022)

DSP or digital streaming platform: Digital service providers (DSPs), or Digital Streaming Platforms are companies or organisations that provide access to services online. DSPs can provide access to music downloads, like Apple’s iTunes Store, or access to streaming music like Spotify, or even provide satellite-delivered content such as SiriusXM in the USA.

rights management (organisations): the function of managing the rights on behalf of rights owners. It can be companies whose sole purpose is to ensure that content that has been licensed has delivered royalties that are identified and accounted for. The role can be taken by collective management organisations or by private companies on behalf of songwriters, composers, performers, music publishers, or record labels.

duration: the elapsed playing time between the first and last recorded modulations of the recording.

LP or Long Player: gramophone record usually on both sides comprising one or more sound recordings with a playing time of each side of normally round about 30 minutes and released and sold on its own (ISO 2017b)

single: gramophone record usually on both sides comprising one or two short sound recordings with a playing time of each side of normally no more than 7 minutes and released and sold on its own (ISO 2017b)

track: single recording on a sound carrier (ISO 2017b)

original version: The first established form of a work. (ISO 2022)

medley: A continuous and sequential combination of existing works or excerpts. (ISO 2022)

potpourri: A composite work with the addition of original material which have been combined to forma new work that has been published and printed. (ISO 2022)

movement: A principal division of a musical work. (ISO 2022)

original title: A title given to the work by its creator(s) shown in its original language. (ISO 2022)

formal title: A standardized title in which the elements are arranged in a pre-determined order, such as titles created for classical works. (ISO 2022)

expression: intellectual or artistic realisation of one and only one work
Note: may take the form of a notation , sound, image, object, movement or text (ISO 2017b)

manifestation: physical embodiment of an expression (ISO 2017b)

Creators of musical works

arranger: The author, or one of the authors, of an adapted text of a musical work. (ISO 2022)

author: The creator, or one of the creators, of the text of a musical work. (ISO 2022) Entitled to authors’ right or copyright.

composer: The creator, or one of the creators, of the musical elements of a musical work. (ISO 2022) Entitled to authors’ right or copyright.

lyricist: The author of the text of a musical work, or a literary text that is arranged together with a musical work. Entitled to authors’ right or copyright.

performer: The performer of a musical work; in case of a sound recording, the performer whose performance is fixed in the recording. They may be entitled to neighbouring or sound recording copyrights.

producer: The person or legal entity that produces the recorded fixation of the sound recording. They are entitled to neighbouring or sound recording copyrights.

Data science terms

conceptualisation: an abstract, simplified view of some selected part of the world, containing the objects, concepts, and other entities that are presumed of interest for some particular purpose and the relationships between them

data: reinterpretable representation of information in a formalized manner suitable for communication, interpretation, or processing Note 1 to entry: Data can be processed by humans or by automatic means.[SOURCE: ISO/IEC 2382:2015, 2121272] (ISO 2019a)

database: collection of data organized according to a conceptual structure describing the characteristics of these data and the relationships among their corresponding entities, supporting one or more application areas. [SOURCE: ISO/IEC 2382:2015, 2121413] (ISO 2019a)

data set or dataset: identifiable collection of data available for access or download in one or more formats [SOURCE: Adapted from ISO 19115-2:2009, 4.7] Beware: various conceptual and information models use different dataset definitions. (ISO 2019a)

datatype: defined set of data objects of a specified data structure and a set of permissible operations, such that these data objects act as operands in the execution of any one of these operations (ISO 2019a);

data type is a class of data, characterized by the members of the class and the operations that can be applied to them (ISO 2017b)

datacube: A statistical data set created in a multi-dimensional space (e.g., time, geography, gender), or hyper-cube, indexed by those dimensions. The term cube shouldn’t be taken literally, it is not meant to imply that there are exactly three dimensions.

data model: description of the organization of data in a manner that reflects an information structure [SOURCE:ISO 28258:2013, definition 3.9] (ISO 2017b);

pattern of structuring data in a database according to the formal descriptions in its information system and according to the requirements of the database management system to be applied (ISO 2023b)

data flow: movement of data through the active parts of a data processing system in the course of the performance of specific work [SOURCE: ISO/IEC 2382:2015, 2121825] (ISO 2023b)

big data: extensive datasets – primarily in the data characteristics of volume, variety, velocity, and/or variability. – that require a scalable technology for efficient storage, manipulation, management, and analysis. note : Big data is commonly used in many different ways, for example as the name of the scalable technology used to handle big data extensive datasets. (ISO 2019a)

data variability: changes in transmission rate, format or structure, semantics, or quality of datasets (ISO 2019a)

data variety: range of formats, logical models, timescales, and semantics of a dataset. Note: Data veracity refers to descriptive data and self-inquiry about objects to support real-time decision-making. (ISO 2019a)

data velocity: rate of flow at which data is created, transmitted, stored, analysed or visualised (ISO 2019a)

data volatility: characteristic of data pertaining to the rate of change of these data over time [SOURCE:ISO/IEC 2382:2015, 17.06.06] (ISO 2019a)

data portability: Ability to easily transfer data from one system to another without being required to re-enter data.

data science: extraction of actionable knowledge from data through a process of discovery, or hypothesis and hypothesis testing (ISO 2019a)

interoperability: Ability of two or more systems or applications to exchange information and to mutually use the information that has been exchanged. [SOURCE:ISO/IEC 19941:2017] (ISO 2017a)

cluster: <distributed data processing> set of functional units under common control [SOURCE:ISO/IEC 2382:2015, 2120586] (ISO 2023b)

scatter: distribution of processing across multiple nodes in a cluster(ISO 2023b)

file: named set of records treated as a unit [SOURCE:ISO/IEC 2382:2015, 04.07.10] (ISO 2023b)

document: named, structured unit of text and possibly images that can be stored, edited, retrieved, and exchanged among systems or users as a separate unit (ISO 2023b)

knowledge base or K-base: database that contains inference rules and information about human experience and expertise in a domain. 1: In self-improving systems, the knowledge base additionally contains information resulting from the solution of previously encountered problems. The terms knowledge base and K-base are standardized by ISO/IEC [ISO/IEC 2382-1:1993]. (ISO 2023b)

knowledge representation: process or result of encoding and storing knowledge in a knowledge base. Term and definition standardized by ISO/IEC [ISO/IEC 2382-28:1995]. (ISO 2023b)

knowledge graph: a knowledge representation that uses a graph-structured data model to represent and operate on data. (ISO 2023b)

knowledge source: source of information from which a knowledge base has been created for a specific kind of problem Term and definition standardized by ISO/IEC [ISO/IEC 2382-28:1995]. (ISO 2023b)

knowledge engineering tool: functional tool designed to facilitate the rapid development of knowledge-based systems. 1. A knowledge engineering tool incorporates specific strategies for knowledge representation, inference, and control, as well as elementary modeling constructs for easy handling of typical problems.Term and definition standardized by ISO/IEC [ISO/IEC 2382-28:1995]. (ISO 2023b)

metadata: data that define and describe other data (ISO 2023a); we use the more functional definition “a statement about a potentially informative object.” (Pomerantz 2015);

metadata is data about data or data elements, possibly including their data descriptions, and data about data ownership, access paths, access rights and data volatility (ISO 2023b)

structured data: data which are organized based on a pre-defined (applicable) set of rules
Note: The predefined set of rules governing the basis on which the data is structured needs to be clearly stated and made known. (ISO 2023b)

partially structured data: data that has some organization Note 1: Partially structured data is often referred to as semi-structured data by industry.
Note 2: examples of partially structured data are records with free text fields in addition to more structured fields. Such data is frequently represented in computer interpretable/parsible formats such as XML or JSON (ISO 2023b)

horizontal scaling: providing a single logical unit through the connection of multiple hardware and software. Note: The example of horizontal scaling is increasing the performance of distributed data processing through the addition of nodes in the cluster for additional resources. (ISO 2023b)

vertical scaling: act of increasing the performance of data processing through improvements to processors, memory, storage, or connectivity. (ISO 2023b)

organization: unique framework of authority within which a person or persons act, or are designated to act, towards some purpose [SOURCE:ISO/IEC 6523-1:1998, definition 3.1] (ISO 2017b)

access level: level of authority required from an entity to access a protected resource (ISO 2023b)

algorithm: finite ordered set of well-defined rules for the solution of a problem [SOURCE: ISO/IEC 2382-1:1993] (ISO 2023b)

entity: any concrete or abstract thing that exists, did exist, or might exist, including associations among these things. Example: A person, object, event, idea, process, etc.
Note 1 to entry: An entity exists whether data about it are available or not. [SOURCE:ISO/IEC 2382:2015, 2121433, modified] (ISO 2023a);

the entity is something capable of being uniquely identified
Note 1 to entry: Entities include material objects, electronic representations of content, abstract items (such as times, places), parties (human and corporate), as well as anything else that can be identified uniquely. (ISO 2017b)

attribute: characteristic of an object or set of objects [SOURCE:ISO/IEC 11179-3:2023, 3.1.11] (ISO 2023a)

characteristic: abstraction of a property. Example: ‘Having a cable for connecting with a computer’ as a characteristic of the concept ‘cord mouse’. [SOURCE:ISO 1087:2019, 3.2.1] (ISO 2023a)

property: distinguishing feature of a material object (ISO 2017b)

class: description of a set of objects that share the same attributes, operations, methods, relationships and semantics (ISO 2023a)

concept: abstract entity for determining category membership
Note 1 to entry: A concept is used to classify objects (ISO 2023b);

a concept is a unit of knowledge created by a unique combination of characteristics (ISO 2017b)
Note 1 to entry: Concepts are not necessarily bound to particular natural languages. They are, however, influenced by the social or cultural background which often leads to different categorizations.

relationship: intellectual connection between two or more elements (ISO 2017b)

relational model: data model whose structure is based on a set of relations [SOURCE:ISO/IEC 2382:2015, 17.04.04] (ISO 2023b)

non-relational model: logical data model that does not follow a relational model for the storage and manipulation of data (ISO 2023b)

identifier: data string or pointer that establishes the identity of an item, organization or person alone or in combination with other elements [SOURCE:ISO 8459:2009, definition 2.27, modified] (ISO 2017b)

persistent identifier or PID: unique identifier that ensures permanent access for a digital object by providing access to it independently of its physical location or current ownership [SOURCE:ISO 24619:2011, definition 3.2.4] (ISO 2017b)

qualifier: information added to a descriptive element that assists its identification, understanding and/or use (ISO 2017b)

taxonomy: scheme of categories and subcategories that can be used to sort and otherwise organize itemized knowledge or information [SOURCE:ISO 25964-2:2013, definition 3.83 modified] (ISO 2017b)

ontology: formal, explicit specification of a shared conceptualization  Note to entry: An ontology typically includes definitions of concepts and specified relationships between them, set out in a formal way so that a machine can use them for reasoning. [SOURCE:ISO 25964-2:2013, definition 3.57] (ISO 2017b)

thesaurus: controlled vocabulary and structured vocabulary in which concepts are represented by terms, organized so that relationships between concepts are made explicit, and preferred terms are accompanied by lead-in entries for synonyms or quasi-synonyms.
Note 1 to entry: The purpose of a thesaurus is to guide both the indexer and the searcher to select the same preferred term or combination of preferred terms to represent a given subject. For this reason a thesaurus is optimized for human navigability and terminological coverage of a domain. [SOURCE:ISO 25964-1:2011, definition 2.62] (ISO 2017b)

expert system: knowledge-based system that provides for solving problems in a particular domain or application area by drawing inferences from a knowledge base developed from human expertise
Note 1: The term “expert system” is sometimes used synonymously with “knowledge-based system”, but should be taken to emphasize expert knowledge.
Note 2. Some expert systems are able to improve their knowledge base and develop new inference rules based on their experience with previous problems. (ISO 2023b) Expert systems fall under the definition of the AI Act.

cloud computing: paradigm for enabling network access to a scalable and elastic pool of shareable physical or virtual resources with self-service provisioning and administration on-demand. (ISO 2019a)

NERD: named-entity recognition and disambiguation is a natural language processing technique that aims to resolve the ambiguity that arises from named entities in text.

Data protection terms

DPIA: Data Protection Impact Assessment (DPIA) is a process used to identify and minimize the risks associated with processing personal data.

DPO: the Data Protection Officer (DPO) is an individual designated by an organization to oversee its compliance with data protection laws, such as the GDPR. They act as a point of contact for data subjects and supervisory authorities, and they advise on and monitor data protection practices within the organization.

GDPR: The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) is a legal framework made by the European Union that sets guidelines for the collection and processing of personal information from individuals who live in and outside of the European Union.

Data curation and collection terms

collection: gathering of items assembled on the basis of some common characteristic, for some purpose, or as the result of some process (ISO 2017b)

holdings: totality of documents in the custody of an information and documentation organization (ISO 2017b)

digital collection: collection formed by a collection process on existing data and data sets where the collected data is in digital form (ISO 2017b)

library collection: all documents provided by a library for its users(ISO 2017b)

anthology: document consisting of a collection of full documents or of extracts, usually of literary works (ISO 2017b)

exhibition: curated display of objects on a clear concept and communicating a message [SOURCE:ISO 18461:2016, definition 2.4.6 modified] (ISO 2017b)

curator: person responsible for overseeing a collection or exhibition (ISO 2017b)

data curation: managed process, throughout the data lifecycle, by which data/data collections are cleansed, documented, standardized, formatted and interrelated (ISO 2017b)

register: an official list or record of names or items; it aims to be a complete list of the objects in a specific group of objects or population, for example, all copyright-protected musical works in a country, or all legal person enterprises in another country;

a document, usually a volume, in which data are entered in a formal manner by a statutory authority Note 1 to entry: In modern usage, usually a database. (ISO 2017b)

registration: act of giving an entity a unique identifier on its entry into a system (ISO 2017b)

set of rules, operations, and procedures for inclusion of an item in a registry (ISO 2023a)

registrant: organization or person that has either registered an authentication protocol or registered the adoption of an authentication protocol [SOURCE: ISO/IEC 24727-6:2010, definition 3.4] (ISO 2017b);

an entity wishing to assign an ISRC to an applicable recording (ISO 2019b);

a party that requests an ISNI from the Registration Authority (ISNI 3.2 (ISO 2012, p15))

party: natural person or legal person, whether or not incorporated, or a group of either (ISO 2012)

aggregation: acquisition of sensitive information by collecting and correlating information of lesser sensitivity (ISO 2023b)

Statistical terms

administrative records: data generated by a non‐statistical source, usually a public body, the main aim of which is not the provision of statistics.

code list: predefined list from which some statistical coded concepts take their values (ISO 2013)

data pipeline: a method in which raw data is ingested from various data sources and then ported to data store.

FAIR or FAIR Guiding Principles for scientific data management and stewardship: guidelines to improve the Findability, Accessibility, Interoperability, and Reuse of digital assets, emphasising machine-actionability (i.e., the capacity of computational systems to find, access, interoperate, and reuse data with none or minimal human intervention.)

indicator: the representation of statistical data for a specified time, place or any other relevant characteristic, corrected for at least one dimension (usually size) so as to allow for meaningful comparison.

microdata: non‐aggregated observations or measurements of characteristics of individual units, without direct identifier.

MVP or minimum viable product: a version of a work product with just enough features and requirements to satisfy early customers and/or provide feedback for future development [SOURCE:IEEE 2675-2021, 3.1]

observation unit: an identifiable entity about which data can be obtained, it is also often called a statistical unit or data subject in case of a natural person.

Open Policy Analysis Guidelines: a set of information management rules to make policy analysis more transparent.

personal data: any information relating to an identified or identifiable natural person.

pseudonymisation: processing of personal data in such a manner that the personal data can no longer be attributed to a specific data subject without the use of additional information.

survey: a systematic examination and record of a physical or social area and its features so as to construct a map, plan, or description. In social sciences it usually refers to a well-structured questionnaire and answers given to its items by a target population.

statistics: quantitative and qualitative, aggregated and representative information characterising a collective phenomenon in a considered population.

visualisations: schematic charts, drawings, photographs, and their collages will as still image files that help to explain the relationship between information carriers, data points, or processes.

Registers, authorities, standards and identifiers

IČO: The organisation identification number (IČO) is an identifier assigned to all types of legal entities, entrepreneurs and public authorities by the Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic. The Czech Republic’s organisation identifier is also called IČO.

OpenCorporates: a public corporation database which sources data from national business registries.

ISNI: an ISO certified global standard number for identifying the millions of contributors to creative works and those active in their distribution.

VIAF: The Virtual International Authority File (VIAF) is an international service that consolidates multiple name authority files into a single database. Their primary goal is to enhance the efficiency and usability of library authority files by linking and merging widely used authority records and making them accessible online.

VIAF ID: The VIAF (Virtual International Authority File) combines multiple name authority files into a single OCLC-hosted name authority service.

ISRC: The International Standard Recording Code (ISRC) is a standard identifying code that can be used to identify sound recordings and music video recordings so that each such recording can be referred to uniquely and unambiguously.

ISWC: The purpose in creating an ISWC for musical works is to enable more efficient administration of rights to those works on a worldwide basis. The ISWC provides an efficient means of identifying musical works in computer databases and related documentation and for the exchange of information between rights societies, publishers, record companies and other interested parties on an international level.

ISBN: the International Standard Book Number is an identification system for the publishing industry and its supply chains.

ISMN: The International standard music number (ISMN) was developed by, and for, the music publishing sector as a separate system to complement the International standard book number (ISBN). The existence of the ISMN as a separate identifier system makes it possible to identify printed and notated music as a distinct category of publication within the global supply chain and to develop trade directories and similar services for the specialized market for music publications.

ISCC: The International Standard Content Code (ISCC) is an identifier for numerous types of digital assets.

DOI: The Digital Object Identifier is a standardised unique number given to many (but not all) articles, papers and books, by some publishers, to identify a particular publication.

ORCID: the Open Researcher and Contributor ID is a unique, persistent identifier free of charge to researchers.

URI: A Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) is a string of characters used to identify a resource on the internet. This resource can be either abstract or physical, such as a website, an email address, or a file. URIs are essential for enabling interactions with resources over a network using specific protocols.

W3C: The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) is an international community that develops standards for the World Wide Web. Their mission is to lead the Web to its full potential by creating technical specifications and guidelines that are designed to be open and royalty-free. These standards include HTML, CSS, and other web technologies, which ensure that web content is accessible across different browsers and devices.

DDI: The Data Documentation Initiative is originating for the world of social sciences data archives and more and more in use in statistical organisations for the documentation of microdata.

Wikibase: Wikibase is a software system that help the collaborative management of knowledge in a central repository. It was originally developed for the management of Wikidata, but it is available now for the creation of private, or public-private partnership knowledge graphs. It is developed by Wikimedia Deutschland.

GSBPM: The Generic Statistical Business Process Model is a international standard model that “describes and defines the set of business processes needed to produce official statistics.” |

GSIM: Generic Statistical Information Model: a common abstract representation of data objects manipulated in official statistical production and elaborated as an overarching model for implementation standards such as SDMX or DDI.

SDMX: Statistical Data and Metadata eXchange (SDMX), is an international initiative that aims at standardising and modernising (“industrialising”) the mechanisms and processes for the exchange of statistical data and metadata among international organisations and their member countries.

ESRS: The European Sustainability Reporting Standards (ESRS) are a set of guidelines developed by the European Financial Reporting Advisory Group (EFRAG) to standardise sustainability reporting across the European Union. These standards are designed to align with the Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive (CSRD), which mandates detailed corporate reporting on environmental, social, and governance (ESG) issues for many companies operating within the EU.

CIDOC-CRM: The conceptual model of CIDOC, the standard conceptualisation of collection management systems in heritage organisations.

RiC: Records in Context is a new conceptual model that replaces the four most important international archiving standards.

DCTERMS or DCMI: the Dublin Core Metadata Terms is a vocabulary of metadata terms developed and maintained by the Dublin Core Metadata Initiative (DCMI). These terms are used to describe various aspects of digital resources, such as web pages, documents, and other online content. They provide a standardized way to assign metadata to resources, making them easier to discover, manage, and exchange.

RDFS: the Resource Description Framework Schema is an extension of the Resource Description Framework (RDF) that provides a vocabulary for describing classes and properties of resources within an RDF graph.

EDM: the Europeana Data Model is a framework for collecting, connecting, and enriching cultural heritage metadata. It’s designed to facilitate the sharing and reuse of cultural heritage information by providing a standardized way to represent and link data.

Europeana: a digital platform provided by the European Union that aggregates digitized cultural heritage from institutions across Europe.

ESCO: the European Skills, Competences, Qualifications and Occupations classification is is a multilingual classification system developed by the European Commission to standardize the description of skills, competences, and qualifications relevant to the European labor market and education.

NACE: the European Union’s standard classification of economic activities for statistical purposes. The abbreviation stands for Nomenclature statistique des Activités économiques dans la Communauté européenne.

ISCO: the International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO) is the International Labour Organization’s standardized system for classifying and organizing occupations according to jobs’ tasks and duties

ISIC: the International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities (ISIC) is a standard classification system developed by the UN Statistics Division (UNSD) to categorize economic activities.

PROV-O: the Provenance ontology is a formal ontology developed by W3C to represent and interchange provenance information.

MARC: MAchine-Readable Cataloging, is a standard digital format used by libraries to represent and exchange bibliographic information.

DCAT: an RDF vocabulary designed to facilitate interoperability between data catalogues published on the Web.

Organisations

AEPO-ARTIS: Organisation representing European artists-performers. Regroups most of the European CMO representing performers.

ALOADED: is a company which distributes and exploits recordings.

CISAC: The International Confederation of Societies of Authors and Composers is an international non-governmental, not-for-profit organisation that aims to protect the rights and promote the interests of creators worldwide.

CNM (former CNV): the Centre National de la Musique is a public organisation managing a tax on concert tickets

EFRAG: The European Financial Reporting Advisory Group is a private association established in 2001 with the encouragement of the European Commission to serve the public interest. EFRAG extended its mission in 2022 following the new role assigned to EFRAG in the CSRD, providing Technical Advice to the European Commission in the form of fully prepared draft EU Sustainability Reporting Standards and/or draft amendments to these Standards.

EMO: The European Music Observatory (EMO) is envisioned as a hub for collecting and analysing data on the music sector across Europe. Its primary aim is to address the current gaps and inconsistencies in music data collection, which have been a significant challenge for the sector.

GESAC: GESAC comprises together 32 European authors’ societies in music, audiovisual, visual arts, literature and drama.

GESIS: Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences.

IAML: International Association of Music Libraries, Archives and Documentation Centres |

IAMIC: International Association of Music Centres, an international network of organisations that collectively and collaboratively provides information and promotes the music of their countries or regions.

ICMP: the global trade body representing the music publishing industry worldwide.

SCAPR: International association for the development of the practical cooperation between performers’ collective management organisations (CMOs)

SOZA: SOZA (Slovenský ochranný zväz autorský pre práva k hudobným dielam, Slovak Performing and Mechanical Rights Society) is a legal entity, non-profit civic association of authors and publishers of musical works, association of natural persons and legal entities.

Hudobné Centrum: Music Centre Slovakia is a music organisation with a mission to promote Slovak contemporaly music.

Other abbreviations

CEEMID: the Central European Music Industry Databases is a multi-country project that was a predecessor of Reprex’s Digital Music Observatory

CSRD: The Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive (CSRD) is European Union (EU) legislation, effective from 5 January 2023, that requires EU businesses—including qualifying EU subsidiaries of non-EU companies—to disclose their environmental and social impacts, and how their environmental, social and governance (ESG) actions affect their business.

DSP: Digital service providers (DSPs), or Digital Streaming Platforms are companies or organisations that provide access to services online.

EIF: The European Interoperability Framework (EIF) is a set of recommendations and guidelines that aims to facilitate communication and collaboration between public administrations, businesses, and citizens within the European Union and across national borders.

ECCCH: The European Collaborative Cloud for Cultural Heritage is a European Union initiative for a digital infrastructure that will connect cultural heritage institutions and professionals across the EU.

EOSC: The European Open Science Cloud (EOSC) aims to create a trusted, open, and multidisciplinary environment for researchers and innovators in Europe.

PPP: A Public-Private Partnership (PPP) is a collaborative arrangement between government entities and private sector companies aimed at financing, designing, implementing, and operating projects or services traditionally provided by the public sector.

RDM: Research Data Management refers to the suite of practices, policies, and processes used to handle data throughout the lifecycle of a research project.

Our glossary is harmonised with relevant music-sector specific standards (referred to in 8  Standardisation of Data & Terminology) and with the ISO Information technology — Vocabulary (ISO 2023b); Information technology — Cloud computing — Taxonomy based data handling for cloud services (ISO 2020); Information technology — Cloud computing — Interoperability and portability (ISO 2017a) and the Information and documentation — Foundation and vocabulary (ISO 2017b) and Information technology — Metadata registries (MDR) — 1. Framework (ISO 2023a)