Sources & Further Reading

Abing, Hannah. 2024. “Report Finds More Music Is Released in a Day in 2024 Than in All of 1989 Combined.” November 20. https://www.rareformaudio.com/blog/more-music-released-in-a-day-2024-than-1989.
Albanese, Davide, Matthias Balliauw, Alexis Macedo-Rouet, et al. 2023. “ChoCo: An Ontology and Knowledge Graph for Musical Chords.” Scientific Data 10 (1): 91. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-023-02410-w.
Antal, Daniel. 2019. Slovak Music Industry Report [Správa o slovenskom hudobnom priemysle]. 2019. https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/V3BE9.
———. 2020. Central And Eastern European Music Industry Report 2020. CEEMID, Consolidated Independent. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.21450.31686.
———. 2021. An Empirical Analysis of Music Streaming Revenues and Their Distribution. September 23, 2021. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5249010.
———. 2022. The Music Industry Value Chain. Figshare. https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.19174310.v1.
———. 2023. Pilot Program for Novel Music Industry Statistical Indicators in the Slovak Republic. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10372026.
———. 2024a. “A szlovák adatkicserélési tér magyarországi föderációjának lehetőségei.” In Az oktatás, a kutatás és a közgyűjtemények digitális transzformációja felsőfokon : NETWORKSHOP 2024 : 33. Országos Informatikai Konferencia : 2024. április 3–5. Eszterházy Károly Katolikus Egyetem, Eger, edited by József Tick, Károly Kokas, and András Holl, 192–98. Budapest: HUNGARNET Egyesület. https://doi.org/10.31915/NWS.2024.25.
———. 2024b. Building a Music Data Sharing Space with Wikibase. Version 1.0. Open Music Observatory. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17078911.
———. 2024c. SKCMBDb: Building the Slovak Comprehensive Music Database in the Slovak Music Centre. Open Music Observatory. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18036465.
———. 2024d. Trustworthy AI and Data-Sharing Spaces for the Slovak Music Centre. Poster Presentation at the IAMIC Conference 2024 on November 21, 2024, at Music Austria, Vienna. Open Music Observatory. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16540605.
———. 2025a. Music, Heritage, and Policy in the Age of AI. Version 1.0. Open Music Observatory. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18076940.
———. 2025b. Open Music Observatory. Version 1.43. Open Music Observatory. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17897724.
———. 2025c. SKCMDb. Interoperability of Music Libraries and Archives with Public and Private Music Services. Presentation at the IAML 2025 Conference in Salzburg, Austria Held on the 7th of July 2025. Open Music Observatory. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16634558.
———. 2025d. Slovak Music Data Sharing Space. Poster Presentation at the IAML 2025 Conference in Salzburg, Austria Held on the 7th of July 2025. Open Music Observatory. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15814286.
———. 2025e. Wikibase as a Data Sharing Space: Connecting Rights, Communities, and GLAM Through Federated Infrastructures. Presentation on Wikidata Conf 2025. Open Music Observatory. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17496740.
Antal, Daniel, and Anna Márta Mester. 2025. Open Music Registers. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14767717.
Antal, Daniel, Ieva Pigozne, and Asmah Federico. 2025. WikiMuseum = GLAM Wiki + Wikibase + Data Sharing Space. Finno-Ugric Data Sharing Space. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17237793.
Antal, Dániel, Ieva Pigozne, Kata Gábor, and Bogáta Tímár. 2025. “Federating Open Knowledge Graphs: Finno-Ugric Cultural Heritage and Semantic Infrastructure Facilitated Through Wikibase [Preprint].” Proceedings of the Digital Humanities in the Nordic and Baltic Countries (DHNB) Conference 7.
Artisjus, HDS, SOZA, and Candole Partners. 2014. Measuring and Reporting Regional Economic Value Added, National Income and Employment by the Music Industry in a Creative Industries Perspective. Memorandum of Understanding to Create a Regional Music Database to Support Professional National Reporting, Economic Valuation and a Regional Music Study.
BDVA/DAIRO. 2023. Data Sharing Spaces and Interoperability: BDVA Discussion Paper. BDVA/DAIRO. https://www.bdva.eu.
BDVA/DAIRO Federation Working Group. 2023. Federated Data Spaces: Position Paper. BDVA/DAIRO. https://www.bdva.eu.
Berardinis, Jacopo de, Valentina Anita Carriero, Nitisha Jain, Nicolas Lazzari, Albert Meroño-Peñuela, Andrea Poltronieri, and Valentina Presutti. 2023. “The Polifonia Ontology Network: Building a Semantic Backbone for Musical Heritage.” In The Semantic Web – ISWC 2023, edited by Terry R. Payne, Valentina Presutti, Guilin Qi, María Poveda-Villalón, Giorgos Stoilos, Laura Hollink, Zoi Kaoudi, Gong Cheng, and Juanzi Li, 302–22. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-47243-5_17.
Berardinis, Jacopo de, Lorenzo Porcaro, Albert Meroño-Peñuela, Angelo Cangelosi, and Tess Buckley. 2025. Towards Responsible AI Music: An Investigation of Trustworthy Features for Creative Systems. https://arxiv.org/abs/2503.18814.
Bianchini, Carlo, Stefano Bargioni, and Camillo Carlo Pellizzari di San Girolamo. 2021. “Beyond VIAF Wikidata as a Complementary Tool for Authority Control in Libraries.” Information Technology and Libraries 40 (2). https://doi.org/10.6017/ital.v40i2.12959.
Big Data Value Association. 2019. Towards a European Data Sharing Space: Enabling Data Exchange and Unlocking AI Potential. BDVA. https://www.bdva.eu/sites/default/files/BDVA%20DataSharingSpaces%20PositionPaper%20V1.pdf.
BITSS. 2019. Guidelines for Open Policy Analysis. Berkeley Initiative for Transparency in the Social Sciences. http://www.bitss.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/OPA-Guidelines.pdf.
Blomqvist, Eva, Karl Hammar, and Valentina Presutti. 2016. “Engineering Ontologies with Patterns – the eXtreme Design Methodology.” In Ontology Engineering with Ontology Design Patterns, 23–50. IOS Press. https://doi.org/10.3233/978-1-61499-676-7-23.
Bloomberg, and Boston Consulting Group. 2025. CEO Radar: AI and Machine Learning References in European Earnings Calls. Bloomberg L.P.; Boston Consulting Group. https://www.bcg.com/publications/2025/ai-machine-learning-mentions-earnings-calls.
Bodo, Balazs. 2026. “The Political Economy of the Open Music Metadata Ecosystem—and the Impact of the Spotify Hack.” Journal of Intellectual Property Law & Practice, April 2026, jpag044. https://doi.org/10.1093/jiplp/jpag044.
Buttow, Carolina V., and Albert Meijer. 2024. “Public Sector Data Openness in the Crafting of the Data-Driven Society: The Co-Constitutive Role of Regulation and Innovation.” Swiss Yearbook of Administrative Sciences 15 (1): 12–27. https://serval.unil.ch/resource/serval:BIB_118FD2F827C6.P002/REF.
Carrara, Wendy, Wae San Chan, Sandra Fisher, and Eva van Steenbergen. 2015. Creating Value Through Open Data. A Study on the Impact of Re-Use of Public Data Resources. Publications Office of the European Union. https://data.europa.eu/sites/default/files/edp_creating_value_through_open_data_0.pdf.
Carriero, Valentina Anita, Aldo Gangemi, Maria Letizia Mancinelli, Andrea Giovanni Nuzzolese, Valentina Presutti, and Chiara Veninata. 2021. “Pattern-Based Design Applied to Cultural Heritage Knowledge Graphs.” Semantic Web 12 (2): 313–57. https://doi.org/10.3233/SW-200422.
CISAC/SUISA/SESAC. 2017. Mint Digital Services: A Transnational Licensing Platform. CISAC. https://www.cisac.org/Newsroom/society-news/sesac-and-suisa-launch-mint-digital-services.
Colavizza, Giovanni, Tobias Blanke, Charles Jeurgens, and Julia Noordegraaf. 2022. “Archives and AI: An Overview of Current Debates and Future Perspectives.” ACM Journal on Computing and Cultural Heritage (JOCCH) 15 (1): Article 4, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1145/3479010.
Commission, European, and Directorate-General for Digital Services. 2017. New European Interoperability Framework. Promoting Seamless Services and Data Flow for European Public Administrations. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. https://ec.europa.eu/isa2/sites/default/files/eif_brochure_final.pdf.
Commission, European, Content Directorate-General for Communications Networks, and Technology. 2019. Ethics Guidelines for Trustworthy AI. Publications Office of the European Union. https://doi.org/doi/10.2759/346720.
Commission, European, Sport Directorate-General for Education Youth, Culture, M Clarke, P Vroonhof, J Snijders, A Le Gall, et al. 2020. Feasibility Study for the Establishment of a European Music Observatory : Final Report. Publications Office. https://doi.org/doi/10.2766/9691.
Commission, European, Directorate-General for Research, Innovation, P. Brunet, L. De Luca, E. Hyvönen, A. Joffres, et al. 2022. Report on a European Collaborative Cloud for Cultural Heritage – Ex – Ante Impact Assessment. Publications Office of the European Union. https://doi.org/doi/10.2777/64014.
Cruz, Maria, and Clifford Tatum. 2021. NWO Persistent Identifier Strategy. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4674513.
Curry, Edward. 2020. “Dataspaces: Fundamentals, Principles, and Techniques.” In Real-Time Linked Dataspaces: Enabling Data Ecosystems for Intelligent Systems, 45–62. Cham: Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-29665-0_3.
Data Spaces Support Centre. 2025a. “Data Spaces Blueprint V2.0 — Cross-Data Space Interoperability Considerations in Data Space Design and Operation.” https://dssc.eu/space/BVE2/1071252241/Cross-data+space+interoperability+considerations+in+data+space+design+and+operation.
———. 2025b. “Data Spaces Blueprint V2.0 — Introduction: Key Concepts of Data Spaces.” https://dssc.eu/space/BVE2/1071251613/Introduction+-+Key+Concepts+of+Data+Spaces.
DataCite. 2021. DataCite Metadata Schema: Mapping to Dublin Core. DataCite. https://schema.datacite.org/meta/kernel-4.4/doc/DataCite_DublinCore_Mapping.pdf.
Diefenbach, Dennis, Max De Wilde, and Samantha Alipio. 2021. “Wikibase as an Infrastructure for Knowledge Graphs: The EU Knowledge Graph.” In The Semantic Web – ISWC 2021, 12922:626–42. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Cham: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-88361-4_37.
Directive (EU) 2019/1024 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 June 2019 on Open Data and the Re-Use of Public Sector Information. 2019. European Union. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2019/1024/oj.
EBU, and Gaia-X. 2022. Dataspace for Cultural and Creative Industries. Position Paper. V.2.0. Gaia-X. https://gaia-x.eu/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/EBU_position-paper_Media-Data-Space.pdf.
ECHOES Ontology Task Force. 2025. Heritage Digital Twin Ontology (HDTO) – First Draft. Technical Report. Version 0.1. ECHOES Project / European Collaborative Cloud for Cultural Heritage (ECCCH). https://github.com/ECHOES-ECCCH/HDTO-Heritage-Digital-Twin-Ontology.
European Commission. 2020. A European Strategy for Data. European Commission. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex:52020DC0066.
European Commission, Directorate-General for Communications Networks, Content and Technology, Crowell&Moring, IMC University of Applied Sciences Krems, Philippe Rixhon Associates, Technopolis Group, and UCLouvain. 2022. Study on Copyright and New Technologies – Copyright Data Management and Artificial Intelligence. Publications Office of the European Union. https://doi.org/doi/10.2759/570559.
European Parliament. 2024. European Parliament Resolution of 17 January 2024 on Cultural Diversity and the Conditions for Authors in the European Music Streaming Market (2023/2054(INI)). P9_TA(2024)0020. European Parliament. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/TA-9-2024-0020_EN.pdf.
European Parliament and Council. 2022. “Regulation (EU) 2022/868 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 May 2022 on European Data Governance and Amending Regulation (EU) 2018/1724 (Data Governance Act).” In Official Journal of the European Union, L 152, 1–44. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2022/868/oj/eng.
———. 2024. Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 June 2024 Laying down Harmonised Rules on Artificial Intelligence and Amending Regulations (EC) No 300/2008, (EU) No 167/2013, (EU) No 168/2013, (EU) 2018/858, (EU) 2018/1139 and (EU) 2019/2144 and Directives 2014/90/EU, (EU) 2016/797 and (EU) 2020/1828 (Artificial Intelligence Act). https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj.
European Parliament, Council of the European Union, and European Commission. 2025. Draft Joint Declaration “Europe for Culture – Culture for Europe”. Brussels: European Commission. https://culture.ec.europa.eu.
European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights. 2020. Getting the Future Right. Artificial Intelligence and Fundamental Rights. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. https://fra.europa.eu/sites/default/files/fra_uploads/fra-2020-artificial-intelligence_en.pdf.
Europeana. 2017. Definition of the Europeana Data Model V5.2.8. Europeana. https://pro.europeana.eu/files/Europeana_Professional/Share_your_data/Technical_requirements/EDM_Documentation//EDM_Definition_v5.2.8_102017.pdf.
EuroSDR. 2021. Sustainable Open Data Business Models for NMCAs. EuroSDR Official Survey Report. https://lirias.kuleuven.be/retrieve/696771.
Eurostat. 2023. Culture Statistics — 2023 Edition. Publications Office of the European Union. https://doi.org/10.2785/537327.
Gangemi, Aldo. 2005. “Ontology Design Patterns for Semantic Web Content.” In The Semantic Web – ISWC 2005, edited by Yolanda Gil, Enrico Motta, V. Richard Benjamins, and Mark A. Musen, 262–76. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/11574620_21.
Gartner, Inc. 2024. 2024 Chief Data and Analytics Officer (CDAO) Survey: Talent, Budgets, and Priorities. Gartner Research. https://www.gartner.com/en/insights/cdao.
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Guest, Olivia, Marcela Suarez, and Iris van Rooij. 2025. Towards Critical Artificial Intelligence Literacies. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17786243.
Herremans, Dorien, Bob L. Sturm, et al. 2025. Responsible AI Music (RAIM) Framework. arXiv preprint arXiv:2503.18814. https://arxiv.org/abs/2503.18814.
Hull, Geoffrey P., Thomas W. Hutchison, Richard Strasser, and Geoffrey P. Hull. 2011. The Music Business and Recording Industry Delivering Music in the 21st Century. New York: Routledge.
Huyer, Esther, and Laura van Knippenberg. 2020. The Economic Impact of Open Data. Opportunities for Value Creation in Europe. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. https://doi.org/10.2830/63132.
International ISRC Registration Authority. 2021. International Standard Recording Code (ISRC) Handbook. 4th Edition. London: United Kingdom: International ISRC Registration Authority. https://www.ifpi.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/ISRC_Handbook.pdf.
ISO. 2012. International Standard Musical Work Code (ISNI). ISO 27729:2012. No. 27729. Version 2012. International Organization for Standardization. https://www.iso.org/standard/44292.html.
———. 2013. ISO 17369:2013(en) Statistical Data and Metadata Exchange (SDMX). London:United Kingdom: International Organization for Standardization. https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/en/#iso:std:iso:17369:ed-1:v1:en.
———. 2017a. ISO/IEC 19941:2017(en), Information Technology — Cloud Computing — Interoperability and Portability. London:United Kingdom: International Organization for Standardization. https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:std:iso-iec:19941:ed-1:v1:en.
———. 2017b. ISO/IEC 5127:2017(en), Information and Documentation — Foundation and Vocabulary. London:United Kingdom: International Organization for Standardization. https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/en/#iso:std:iso:5127:ed-2:v1:en.
———. 2019a. International Standard Recording Code (ISRC). ISO 3901:2019. No. 3901. Version 2019. International Organization for Standardization. https://www.iso.org/standard/64817.html.
———. 2019b. ISO/IEC 20546:2019 Information Technology — Big Data — Overview and Vocabulary. London:United Kingdom: International Standards Organisation. https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/en/#iso:std:iso-iec:20546:ed-1:v1:en.
———. 2020. ISO/IEC 22624:2020(en), Information Technology — Cloud Computing — Taxonomy Based Data Handling for Cloud Services. London:United Kingdom: International Organization for Standardization. https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/en/#iso:std:iso-iec:22624:ed-1:v1:en.
———. 2021. ISO 10957:2021 - Information and Documentation — International Standard Music Number (ISMN). No. 10957. Version 2021. International Organization for Standardization. https://www.iso.org/standard/83122.html.
———. 2022. International Standard Musical Work Code (ISWC). ISO 15707:2022. No. 15707. Version 2022. International Organization for Standardization. https://www.iso.org/standard/83125.html.
———. 2023a. ISO/IEC 11179-1:2023(en), Information Technology — Metadata Registries (MDR) — Part 1: Framework. London:United Kingdom: International Organization for Standardization. https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/en/#iso:std:iso-iec:11179:-1:ed-4:v1:en.
———. 2023b. ISO/IEC 2382:2015(en), Information Technology — Vocabulary. London:United Kingdom: International Standards Organisation. https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/en/#iso:std:iso-iec:2382:ed-1:v2:en.
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———. 2023. Information Technology — Artificial Intelligence — Management System. ISO/IEC 42001:2023. No. 42001. Version 2023. International Organization for Standardization. https://www.iso.org/standard/81230.html.
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———. 2025. Policy Brief: An Open, Scalable Data-to-Policy Pipeline for European Music Ecosystems. EU Horizon Europe Deliverable D5.7. Open Music Europe Consortium. https://openmuse.eu/.
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———. 2024. 27th Annual Global CEO Survey. PricewaterhouseCoopers International Limited. https://www.pwc.com/gx/en/ceo-agenda/ceosurvey/2024.html.
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